A experiência da dor em bailarinas clássicas: significados emergentes num estudo qualitativo / The experience of pain among classical dance ballerinas: meanings derived from a qualitative study

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo centrado no significado que a dor assume no discurso de um grupo de bailarinas de dança clássica. Para tal acedemos às suas experiências e vivências através de uma entrevista semiestruturada de forma a entender a dor que faz parte suas rotinas antes, durante e após estarem a dançar. O estudo sustenta-se nos discursos que emergiram num grupo de dez bailarinas, com mais de seis anos de formação, e o método para aceder aos significados providenciados pelas suas vozes foi a "Grounded Analysis" ou Análise Sustentada nos Dados. A análise dos discursos recolhidos revelou que o evoluir no percurso da dança implica dificuldades que aumentam as exigências experienciadas pelas bailarinas, paralelamente ao desejo de querer permanecer no mundo do espetáculo. Assim são os treinos excessivos e os movimentos repetitivos que fazem surgir a dor e as lesões, que são ocultadas, negadas, de modo a poder continuar no foco de querer alcançar a perfeição. Em geral, os resultados obtidos salientam a paixão pela dança que configura a dor como aliada desta prática, e obriga as bailarinas a várias estratégias de confronto. Paralelamente, a dor liga-se ao medo da lesão, ao fim do percurso como bailarina e ao abdicar de um sonho.

Abstract This article presents the results of a study focused on the meaning that pain assumes in the discourse of a group of classical dance ballerinas. To achieve this, we accessed their experiences and perceptions through a semi-structured interview, to better understand the pain that is an integral part of their routines before, during and after a performance. This study is based on the discourses which emerged from a group of ten ballerinas with six or more years of training, and the method chosen to tap into the underlying meanings was Grounded Analysis or Sustained Data Analysis. The analysis of the discourses collected revealed that pursuing a dancing career involves obstacles that increase the demands felt by the ballerinas, in parallel with their desire to remain in the world of performance. Thus, it is the excessive practicing and repetitive movements which give rise to pain and injuries, which are concealed and denied so as not to impede the focus of attaining perfection. In general, the results obtained emphasize the passion for dance that involves pain as an ally to this career and force the ballerinas to varied confrontation strategies. In tandem, pain is linked to fear of injury, to the end of a career as a ballerina and the relinquishment of a dream.

Fontes de autoeficácia em estudantes do ensino superior / Self-efficacy in higher education students / Fuentes de autoeficacia en estudiantes de enseñanza superior

Numa perspetiva sociocognitiva, analisam-se fontes de autoeficácia, em variáveis demográficas, académicas, vocacionais e personalidade. A amostra inclui 480 estudantes do 2º ano dos cursos de psicologia, saúde, desporto, científicos-investigativos e tecnologias, que responderam ao Questionário Ajustamento e Adaptação ao Ensino Superior, Escalas de Desenvolvimento e Bem-Estar, Satisfação na Carreira, Autoeficácia Geral, Exigência e Responsividade Parental. Nos dados da regressão múltipla linear são variáveis explicativas das Autoeficácia: média de acesso ao ensino superior, abertura à experiência (experiências), bem-estar, satisfação na carreira, neuroticismo (estados emocionais), amabilidade, exigência paterna (persuasão, experiência vicária), e idade e género. Discutem-se implicações dos dados nas intervenções educacionais.

With a socio-cognitive framework, we analyze sources of General Self-Efficacy, in demographic, academic, vocational and personality variables. The sample includes 480 students of the 2nd year of psychology, health, sports, scientific-research and technology courses who answered the Questionnaire Adjustment and Adaptation to Higher Education, Scales of Development and Well-being, Career Satisfaction, General Self-Efficacy, Requirement and Responsiveness Parental. In the multiple linear regression data are explanatory variables of Self-efficacy: average access to higher education, openness to experience (experiences), well-being, career satisfaction, neuroticism (emotional states), kindness, paternal requirement (persuasion, vicarious experience), and age and gender. Implications of data on educational interventions are discussed.

En una perspectiva sociocognitiva se analizan fuentes de autoeficacia, en variables demográficas, académicas, vocacionales y personalidad. La muestra incluye 480 estudiantes del 2º año de los cursos de psicología, salud, deporte, científicos-investigativos y tecnologías, que respondieron al Cuestionario Ajuste y Adaptación a la Enseñanza Superior, Escalas de Desarrollo y Bienestar, Satisfacción en la Carrera, Autoeficacia General, Exigencia y la Responsabilidad parental. En los datos de regresión múltiple lineal son variables explicativas de las Autoeficacia: media de acceso a la enseñanza superior, apertura a la experiencia (experiencias, bienestar, satisfacción en la carrera, neuroticismo (estados emocionales), amabilidad, exigencia paterna (persuasión, experiencia vicaria), y edad y género. Se discuten las implicaciones de los datos en las intervenciones educativas.

Carreira e bem-estar subjetivo no ensino superior: Determinantes pessoais e situacionais / Career and subjective well-being in higher education: personal and situational determinants / Carrera y bienestar subjetivo en la ensenanza superior: determinantes personales y contextuales

No modelo de Bem-Estar de Lent e Brown de 2006, é analisada a relação entre bem-estar subjectivo e carreira, considerando variáveis pessoais, educacionais e contextuais. Os participantes são 255 estudantes de Psicologia (52%) e Saúde (48%) (média etária 20,40; 86% mulheres) que responderam às Escalas Satisfação na Carreira, Autoeficácia Geral, Desenvolvimento e Bem-Estar, Exigência e Responsividade Parental, Big Five-10 e Adaptação ao Ensino Superior. Os resultados da regressão múltipla linear mostram como preditores de bem-estar: satisfação na carreira, percepção dos factores pessoais de ajustamento ao curso, autoeficácia, percepção de responsividade materna, extroversão e amabilidade. Esta pesquisa identifica dimensões contributivas do bem-estar dos estudantes, que são significativas na intervenção, e esclarece o significado da carreira no âmbito da Psicologia Positiva.

In the 2006 Lent and Brown Well-being model, the relationship between subjective well-being and career is analyzed, considering personal, educational and contextual variables. The participants were 255 students of Psychology (52%) and Health (48%) (average age 20.40, 86% women) who responded to the Career Satisfaction, General Self-Efficacy, Development and Well-Being, Parental Responsibility and Demanding, Big Five-10 and Adaptation to Higher Education Scales. The results of the linear multiple regression show as predictors of well-being: career satisfaction, perception of the personal factors of course adjustment, self-efficacy, perception of maternal responsibility, extroversion and kindness. This research identifies contributory dimensions of student well-being, which are significant in intervention, and clarifies the meaning of the career in the field of Positive Psychology.

En el modelo de Bienestar de Lent y Brown de 2006, se analiza la relación entre bienestar subjetivo y carrera, considerando variables personales, educativas y contextuales. Los participantes fueron 255 estudiantes de Psicologia (52%) y Salud (48%) (promedio de edad 20.40, 86% mujeres), que respondieron las Escalas de Satisfacción en la Carrera, Autoeficacia General, Desarrollo y Bienestar, Exigencia y Responsividad Parental, Big Five-10 y adaptación a la ensenanza superior. Los resultados de la regresión multiple lineal muestran como predictores de bienestar: satisfacción en la carrera, percepción de los factores personales de ajuste al curso, autoeficacia, percepción de la responsividad materna, extroversión y amabilidad. La investigación identifica dimensiones contributivas del bienestar de los estudiantes que son significativas en la intervención y aclara el significado de la carrera en el ámbito de la Psicologia Positiva.

Hepatitis B monovalent vaccines produced by different manufacturers: comparative study on the quality of vaccine in period before and after the shelf life / Vacinas de Hepatite B monovalente produzidas por diferentes fabricantes: estudo comparativo da qualidade das vacinas no período pré e após o prazo de validade

For over 20 years, the hepatitis B (HB) vaccine has been produced by the expression of the viral gene encoding the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in yeast. According to the data from WHO, the hepatitis B vaccines are generally stable for up to three years when stored at 2 ºC to 8 ºC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the hepatitis B vaccine, at the time of their release, the quality criteria of this product were maintained seven years after the expiration date. Vaccine vials in multi-dose (10 and 05 doses) and three lots from each manufacturer (A, B and C) were analyzed. All batches were assayed for visual appearance, potency, bacterial endotoxin, thiomersal amount, aluminum hidroxyde contents and pH by means of validated tests. The nine lots evaluated seven years after the expiration date showed similar concentrations when compared to those demonstrated at the time of batches release by the National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS). No significant change in the quality of the hepatitis B vaccine after the expiration date was confirmed. These data might be useful to subsidize a future evaluation for reviewing an extension of the vaccines shelf life.

As vacinas contra a hepatite B são produzidas pela expressão do gene viral codificado para o antígeno de superfície do vírus da hepatite B (HBsAg) em levedura, há mais de 20 anos. De acordo com os dados da OMS, a vacina de hepatite B tem até três anos de estabilidade quando armazenada entre 2 ºC e 8 ºC. O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar se, no momento da liberação, os critérios de qualidade da vacina de hepatite B foram mantidos após sete anos da data de validade. Foram analisados frascos de vacinas multi-dose (10 e 5 doses), sendo três lotes de cada produtor (A, B e C). Todos os lotes foram avaliados quanto às características de aparência visual, potência, endotoxina bacteriana, presença de timerosal, conteúdo de hidróxido de alumínio e pH por meio de testes validados. Os nove lotes avaliados sete anos após a data de expiração tiveram resultados similares quando comparados às concentrações na época de liberação dos lotes, realizada pelo Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde (INCQS). Os estudos confirmaram a manutenção da qualidade da vacina após o período de expiração. Estes dados podem subsidiar uma futura avaliação para extensão do prazo de validade das vacinas.

Growth, cysts and kinetics of Borrelia garinii (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetacea) in different culture media

The aim of the present paper was to evaluate cyst formation and growth parameters of Borrelia garinii in a range of media differing in formulation and cost. A qualitative assessment of morphology and motility of B. garinii was conducted. All media were prepared aseptically and used in test tubes or Petri dishes. For each medium, the initial spirochete concentration was standardized to 10³ spirochets/mL. The following culture media were suitable to grow B. garinii: Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly, brain heart infusion and PMR. Growth was minimal at six weeks post-inoculation and maximum spirochete density was observed between 9-12 weeks. Often, the cultures developed cysts of different sizes, isolated or in groups, with a spiraled portion of variable sizes, mainly in unfavorable culture media. Brazilian Lyme disease-like illness, also known as Baggio-Yoshinari syndrome (BYS), is a new and interesting emerging tick-borne disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes, only during its cystic forms. It has been assumed that the peculiar clinical and laboratory features of BYS are consequential to the absence of a human sucker Ixodes ricinus complex tick at risk areas in Brazil, supporting the concept that the borrelia phenotypic expression pattern is modified as it is transmitted through the host.

IgG and IgG2 antibodies from cattle naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale recognize the recombinant vaccine candidate antigens VirB9, VirB10, and elongation factor-Tu

Anaplasma marginale is an important vector-borne rickettsia of ruminants in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Immunization with purified outer membranes of this organism induces protection against acute anaplasmosis. Previous studies, with proteomic and genomic approach identified 21 proteins within the outer membrane immunogen in addition to previously characterized major surface protein1a-5 (MSP1a-5). Among the newly described proteins were VirB9, VirB10, and elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu). VirB9, VirB10 are considered part of the type IV secretion system (TFSS), which mediates secretion or cell-to-cell transfer of macromolecules, proteins, or DNA-protein complexes in Gram-negative bacteria. EF-Tu can be located in the bacterial surface, mediating bacterial attachment to host cells, or in the bacterial cytoplasm for protein synthesis. However, the roles of VirB9, VirB10, and TFSS in A. marginale have not been defined. VirB9, VirB10, and EF-Tu have not been explored as vaccine antigens. In this study, we demonstrate that sera of cattle infected with A. marginale, with homologous or heterologous isolates recognize recombinant VirB9, VirB10, and EF-Tu. IgG2 from naturally infected cattle also reacts with these proteins. Recognition of epitopes by total IgG and by IgG2 from infected cattle with A. marginale support the inclusion of these proteins in recombinant vaccines against this rickettsia.